Open-ended, community based, and collaborative, “esolangs” serve as a reminder that digital art has other histories and other futures. Matthias Lutter, “helloworld-pietbig.gif.” This is a Piet program ...

For decades, fierce debates have raged over the benefits of different programming languages over others: Java vs. C++; Python vs. Ruby; Flask vs. Django. While often waged with fervor by computer ...