These models differ by the constrains given to the orientation of the electron's spins (arrows). If all spins are aligned in one direction, the material becomes a ferromagnet. Below the magnetic ...

The central selling point of qubit-based quantum processors is that they can supposedly solve certain types of tasks much faster than a classical computer. This comes however with the major ...

I chart the considerable changes in the status and conception of the Lenz-Ising model from 1920 to 1950 in terms of three phases: In the early 1920s, Lenz and Ising introduced the model in the field ...

This is the second in a series of three papers that charts the history of the Lenz-Ising model (commonly called just the Ising model in the physics literature) in considerable detail, from its ...