“Four years ago, that was at 50% and it’s steadily increased since,” said Tristan Erion-Lorico. Image: Kiwa PVEL. A total of 83% of module manufacturers have had at least one test failure in the Kiwa ...

Modules are given a grade from 0 to 100 points for each test. In calculating the average grade of the module, each individual test grade is given a certain weighting as shown in the table. The tests ...

Researchers have developed a stagnant water layer cooling concept and tested it using seawater, tap water, and desalinated ...