Stochastic models have become indispensable tools for understanding growth dynamics in complex systems. By incorporating randomness and uncertainty into the modelling framework, these methods provide ...

The whole picture of Mathematical Modeling is systematically and thoroughly explained in this text for undergraduate and graduate students of mathematics, engineering, economics, finance, biology, ...

As global financial markets become increasingly interconnected, accurately modelling correlations between assets is essential. Traditional models often assume static correlations, which fail to ...