The central venous pressure (CVP) is an important measurement that reflects the blood pressure in the right atrium or the superior vena cava (SVC). It is most accurately measured using a central venous catheter inserted into the SVC. However, the CVP can be approximated by using the steps in this video to determine the jugular venous pressure. Remember to add 5cm to your measured height because the sternal angle lies about 5 cm above the level of the right atrium. The normal reference range is b

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🫀 When the heart is compressed by its own sac Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening emergency where fluid builds up inside the pericardium and compresses the heart. 🫀 As pressure rises, the right atrium and ventricle can’t fill properly, leading to impaired cardiac output and obstructive shock. Clinically, look out for Beck’s triad: 🫀 Hypotension 🫀Jugular venous distension 🫀Muffled heart sounds Understanding the pathophysiology helps pre-hospital clinicians recognise tamponade early and a